To study the back analysis of the adverse inducement of wharf structure damage，we carry out a test on the physical model of the inland river overhead vertical wharf，and analyze the strain law of the wharf under two kinds of damage inducement，namely overloading and irregular berthing.Combining with the back analysis of the damage inducement of the overhead vertical wharf in the Three Gorges reservoir area，we put forward a back analysis model of the damage inducement based on random forest，and evaluate the model by the tests data of the physical model.The results show that the distribution law of axial strain of foundation pile near the river and near the shore are obtained by physical model test，and the axial strain characteristics near the river are more obvious than those near the shore，so it is more suitable for back analysis input source.The random forest back analysis model can accurately predict the type，position and intensity of the horizontal and vertical actions of the physical model.The accuracy of the damage type reaches 0.98，and the accuracy of the damage location reaches 0.99，moreover the accuracy of damage intensity reaches 0.99.